|
The University of France ((フランス語:Université de France); originally the ''Imperial University of France'') was a highly centralized educational state organization founded by Napoleon I in 1808 and given authority not only over the individual (previously independent) universities but also over primary and secondary education. The former individual universities were henceforth to be known as "academies" (such as the ''Académie de Paris''), but each still retained a rector and local board of its own. ==History== On 15 September 1793, petitioned by the Department of Paris and several departmental groups, the National Convention decided that independently of the primary schools, "there shall be established in the Republic three progressive degrees of instruction; the first for the knowledge indispensable to artisans and workmen of all kinds; the second for further knowledge necessary to those intending to embrace the other professions of society; and the third for those branches of instruction the study of which is not within the reach of all men". The Decree of March 17, 1808 sets the operation of the University. The University provides all levels of education, and no one can teach without the permission of the Grand Master, and provided to be part of the University. The text provides six schools managed: the faculties ( theology, law, medicine, humanities, sciences ); the schools the colleges the institutions residential schools "small schools" (primary). Schools of law and medicine created at the end of the Revolutions are integrated into the University, as well as theological education, literature and science. The decree establishes the general organization of these teachings, diplomas (with the trio: bachelor, license, and PhD) and tests to pass. As for schools, the text establishes several rows of education officials, fourteen rows of directors and five rows of teaching. In particular, it sets the qualifications that must be held to be part of different ranks. According to the Imperial Decree of 17 March 1808, which determines the organization of the university, it must be established in Paris as a normal boarding school (now the Ecole Normale Superieure in the rue d'Ulm) for receiving up to 300 young people who will be trained in the art of teaching the humanities and sciences. The number of students was set at one hundred for the first year. They must be under seventeen years of age, and be allowed by their father or guardian to follow the career of the University. They can not be received at school and pledging to stay at least ten years in the teaching profession. They are chosen, according to tests by the inspectors general of the University. A first appointment of students to the number of 54, selected from the departments, is made by Mgr. the Grand Master of the Imperial University. Administratively, the University is entrusted to a grand master ( Jean- Pierre Louis de Fontanes),appointed and dismissed by the Emperor, who is assisted by a treasurer and a Chancellor (John Chrysostom Villaret). The decree also provides for the University Council, composed of thirty members divided into five sections, and composed entirely of executives of the University. The decree establishes an academy within the jurisdiction of each Court of Appeal, headed an academy rector assisted by an academic board. The University enjoys a considerable amount of autonomy in relation to the other jurisdictions even if it is closely related to the Emperor. Although the text does not expressly granted him legal personality, he is considered a legal person, which has its own particular budget Measures were to be taken immediately: "For means of execution, the department and the municipality of Paris are authorized to consult with the Committee of Public Instruction of the National Convention, in order that these establishments shall be put in action by 1 November, and consequently colleges now in operation and the faculties of theology, medicine, arts, and law are suppressed throughout the Republic". All the faculties were replaced by the University of France. After a century, people recognized that the new system was less favourable to study. The University of France was disbanded in 1896, when the universities regained a relative independence (but still within a centralized national system with the Ministry of Education as the highest authority). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「University of France」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|